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[music playing]

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- So welcome to the 2015
NASA Ames Summer Series.

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Space biology is important
for many reasons.

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It informs
our human-exploration missions.

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It informs astrobiology.

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It informs our life support
in space

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and it informs how
we function here on Earth.

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Most importantly,
space biology is a science

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that looks at the mechanisms

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of biology, or life.

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Space biology
is also an integral part

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of NASA Ames research.

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We would not be able to do
the science that we want to do,

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or advance it,

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without astronauts
doing the research in space.

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But astronauts are
more than just the people

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who do the experiments in space.

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They have a life
that we could learn

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and inspire to do and follow.

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Today's talk, entitled

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"Rats, Folks, and Jellyfish:
Studying Life in Space,"

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will be given by
Astronaut Dr. Rhea Seddon.

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Rhea began her career
by receiving a degree--

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a Bachelors of Arts
in Physiology--

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from UC Berkeley in 1970.

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She followed that
with a medical degree--

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an MD degree--

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from the University of
Tennessee College of Medicine

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in 1973.

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After completing her degrees,

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she went and followed
and did both an internship

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and a residency in surgery,

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completing the residency
in 1978,

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whereupon she joined NASA
as an astronaut.

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She was one
of the first six women

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to enter the astronaut program.

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She's a veteran
of three shuttle missions--

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STS-51-D
on Discovery in 1985;

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STS-40,
which also stands for SLS-1,

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Space Life Sciences 1,

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where she was
a Mission Specialist

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in 1991 on Columbia;

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and then STS-58/SLS-2,

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Payload Commander this time,
on Columbia.

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That's quite an achievement,

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both being a doctor
and astronaut,

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but she didn't stop there.

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So in 2010,

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she got a certificate
in Creative Writing

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from the Middle
Tennessee State University.

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So you would think that,
after all that,

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you would just retire
from going to school.

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She finished that,
and then put that into action

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and wrote a book
and published it.

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So with that,
please welcome me--

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join me in welcoming
astronaut Dr. Rhea Seddon.

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[applause]

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- Nicely done.

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Thank you, Dr. Cohen.

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As you can tell,
it's been an amazing life.

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And people say,

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"How in the world did
you go from this to that

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to this to that?"

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And, you know, for me,

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it's interesting to ponder that,

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when you get to be my age,

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and you begin to think
about,

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"Well, what happened that
made me do those things?"

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I can remember
being a small girl

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in the backyard
of a small town in Tennessee,

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and my father said, "See?"

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And there was Sputnik.

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So even at 11 years old,

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I knew that
that was the beginning

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of something awesome
for my generation.

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It was the beginning
of the Space Age.

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And of course,
there didn't seem to be

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any place for me in that.

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They weren't even flying
humans yet.

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And even when they began to fly
humans, it was only men.

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It was only pilots--
only test pilots.

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But I was interested in science,

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and was fascinated
by the human body.

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And so,
when I finished high school,

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I thought, "Well,
what is the best university

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in the United States
in the life sciences?"

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And it was this strange place
called Berkeley.

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Now, I have never--
I had never been to California.

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But I applied
and was accepted in 1965.

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And for those of you
who are old enough to remember,

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that was an interesting year.

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That was the Free Speech
Movement.

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And that morphed
into the anti-war movement

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and the People's Park movement
and free love and drugs.

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And there I was
in the middle of it.

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I sort of felt like--

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later on, when I watched
the movie "Forrest Gump"--

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just kind of like, "Here I am,"
and "Why am I here?"

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But I certainly got
a good education at Berkeley,

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both in physiology

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and in life in general.

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But I was one of the few people

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at the time
that was majoring in Science.

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Women just didn't do that,
particularly women that I knew.

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Luckily, I had some good mentors
along the way.

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But as I was finishing
Berkeley, you know,

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I thought, "I'd really like
to go to medical school."

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But you can imagine,

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coming from Tennessee,

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my first couple
of years at Berkeley,

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I struggled to keep up

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with all of the rest
of the people who were pre-med.

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About a third of the class
started as pre-med students,

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so there was a lot
of competition.

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My grades weren't great.

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I joined the Pre-Med Club,

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and the advisor
kept saying, "You know,

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if you don't bring
your grades up,

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you'll never be able
to get into school."

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And of course, getting
into the California schools

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was close to impossible
unless you had a 3.98.

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When I applied
to medical school,

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I had a 3.25.

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My last two quarters
were straight As,

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and apparently
that counted for something.

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And it certainly counted
for something at

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The University of Tennessee,

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where not too many students

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were applying from Berkeley,
as you can imagine,

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but Berkeley had
such a great reputation.

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But they were not taking
very many women

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in medical school back then.

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It's hard for young women today
to realize that

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women were just not being taken
into those fields.

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But the University of Tennessee,
the year I applied,

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decided that they were gonna
take a lot of women

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because there was a big push
to train more women doctors.

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So in a class of 100,
they took six women.

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That was a lot.

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But, you know,
it took hard work,

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it took dedication,

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and it took fitting in
with a group of men

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and learning to work with men

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and with male professors.

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There were very few female
professors.

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There were a lot of nurses
that helped along the way--

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nurses who hoped that women
would succeed in medicine.

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So I was fortunate to--

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that that was part
of my background,

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learning to work
with all kinds of people.

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My skills, my talents,

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my interests
fell into the world of surgery.

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And if it was strange
to have a woman doctor,

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it was even stranger
to have a woman surgeon.

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But I applied to the university
program and was accepted,

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and was the only woman

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they'd ever had
in the surgery program.

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But again, lots of hard work,

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lots of people
who wanted me to succeed.

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And I was successful in that.

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And so I was gonna go
be a rich surgeon, you know?

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That was my future, you know?

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I loved it, and so that's
what I was gonna do.

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One of the professors

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that I worked with said,

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"You should come out
to my flying school.

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I have a flight school out here.

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You'd love to learn how to fly."

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And I thought, "I'm gonna
be like him and have a airplane

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when I'm a rich doctor."

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So I asked my father
for flying lessons,

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and he gave me flying lessons,

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and I got
my private pilot's license.

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And then, all of a sudden,
rather serendipitously--

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if you read my book, you'll see
how strange this was--

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I found out that there was going

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to be a selection
for space shuttle astronauts.

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Well, people kind of
didn't even know in 1977

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what the space shuttle
was going to be.

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But I wrote for an application,

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just to see whether or not
I met all the criteria

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to apply, and I did.

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You had to be at least
five feet tall,

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and I made that by two inches.

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And you had to be
in good health.

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They perf--you had to have
a bachelor's degree,

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preferably an advanced degree,

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and preferably experience
in your field.

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And they took my residency--

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my four years
of residency--as experience.

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I thought it was more school,

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but they thought
it was experience.

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So I applied to the space
program.

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Lo and behold,
in the summer of 1977,

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I was called to Houston
for an interview.

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And, um--

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they were going
to interview 220 people,

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and in groups of 20.

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And I asked,

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when they called, "Well, how
many actual people applied?"

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If you counted
all the military applications,

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there were 10,000 people.

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So I felt like,

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"Man," you know,

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"If nothing more happens,

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I made the cut down to 220."

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Went down to Houston for a week,

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and it was the first group
of Mission Specialists,

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or non-pilots,
that were being interviewed.

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And so Monday morning
was when my--

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we went on Sunday.

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We were gonna have a week of
interviews and physical exams.

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My interview was scheduled
for 10:30 on Monday morning.

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In looking back at the records,
I was the first woman

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that they ever interviewed
for the astronaut program.

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The first two groups
had been all male pilots.

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So that was an honor in itself.

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I made it
through the physical exams,

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the psychological
and psychiatric exams,

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the claustrophobia exam--

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many, many different things--

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and sort of went home
with lots of souvenirs,

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'cause I figured, "I'm gonna
have souvenirs of this."

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Well, you know,

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in January of 1978,
the call came,

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and said, "Are you
still interested in this job?"

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And of course I was.
I wasn't--

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it was like coming to Berkeley.

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I wasn't really sure
what I was getting into,

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but it sounded like
the most fascinating thing

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that a person
could do at the time.

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And so I joined
the Astronaut Corps

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and started work with NASA
in July of 1978.

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So I'm gonna tell you
a little bit about that.

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In that class,
they took 35 astronauts,

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and six of us were women.

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The women who had been

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interviewed all thought
that they would take

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one or two women,

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but not six.

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So we were delighted

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that there were the six of us.

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We were very different.

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We came from different parts
of the country.

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We had different backgrounds,
all in science--

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Astrophysics, Geology,
Engineering, Biochemistry,

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Medicine.

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But we formed a bond,

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as you can imagine.

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We were afraid
they were gonna wash us out,

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that they would put barriers
in our way

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that would see
that we didn't get to succeed.

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But we were willing
to support each other

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and to go through this together,

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and it turned out
that we all had a chance to fly.

256
00:12:07,233 --> 00:12:10,466
So it was a great group
to be a part of.

257
00:12:10,466 --> 00:12:13,333
You can see I'm the runt
of the litter.

258
00:12:13,333 --> 00:12:16,600
And, in fact,
it wasn't as hard being female.

259
00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:18,033
It was really hard being little,

260
00:12:18,033 --> 00:12:19,066
'cause there were a lot
of things

261
00:12:19,066 --> 00:12:21,033
that NASA hadn't thought of--

262
00:12:21,033 --> 00:12:24,100
couldn't accommodate
a 5'2" female.

263
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:27,566
The height requirement, I think,
for the men, was 5'6".

264
00:12:27,566 --> 00:12:29,066
And so there was a lot
of equipment

265
00:12:29,066 --> 00:12:31,633
that they forgot didn't fit
a 5'2"--

266
00:12:31,633 --> 00:12:34,266
but, again, you work that out.

267
00:12:34,266 --> 00:12:37,300
For the first few years
I was at NASA,

268
00:12:37,300 --> 00:12:38,533
the shuttle wasn't flying.

269
00:12:38,533 --> 00:12:41,200
Remember, I was accepted
in 1978.

270
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:43,900
The shuttle didn't fly
until 1981.

271
00:12:43,900 --> 00:12:47,033
But I was anxious,
besides all of the training

272
00:12:47,033 --> 00:12:48,800
that I was going through,

273
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,233
to get involved
in some of the Life Sciences

274
00:12:51,233 --> 00:12:55,033
and the medical operations--

275
00:12:55,033 --> 00:12:58,366
experiments and tests
that were being done.

276
00:12:58,366 --> 00:13:00,700
And so I jumped at the chance

277
00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:02,966
of flying on the zero-g plane.

278
00:13:02,966 --> 00:13:04,933
This is a large
commercial airliner

279
00:13:04,933 --> 00:13:06,266
that's been cleaned out.

280
00:13:06,266 --> 00:13:08,833
The inside is cleaned out,
so it's an open space.

281
00:13:08,833 --> 00:13:11,666
It flies up and down
like a roller coaster.

282
00:13:11,666 --> 00:13:13,333
At the top of each parabola,

283
00:13:13,333 --> 00:13:15,500
you get 30 seconds
of weightlessness.

284
00:13:15,500 --> 00:13:18,133
And so, if you can take
all of the things--the processes

285
00:13:18,133 --> 00:13:19,933
and the experiments
that you want to do--

286
00:13:19,933 --> 00:13:22,233
break them down
into 30-second segments,

287
00:13:22,233 --> 00:13:24,566
you can practice
being in zero-g.

288
00:13:24,566 --> 00:13:26,800
And that was as close
as we could get,

289
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:28,633
while we were still here
on Earth.

290
00:13:28,633 --> 00:13:30,566
So here we are,
trying to develop a way

291
00:13:30,566 --> 00:13:32,966
to do CPR in weightlessness.

292
00:13:32,966 --> 00:13:35,266
For those of you
who've taken CPR,

293
00:13:35,266 --> 00:13:36,500
you know that
one of the things

294
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:37,933
you have to do
to pump the heart is,

295
00:13:37,933 --> 00:13:41,300
you have to put your weight
on that chest to push the heart.

296
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:43,333
How do you do that
in weightlessness?

297
00:13:43,333 --> 00:13:45,400
And so we were working that out.

298
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:47,266
It was lots of fun.

299
00:13:47,266 --> 00:13:49,366
It gave me the best experience

300
00:13:49,366 --> 00:13:51,333
I could get, at the time,

301
00:13:51,333 --> 00:13:53,666
of being weightless.

302
00:13:53,666 --> 00:13:57,633
Luckily, I did pretty good jobs
and was assigned to crews.

303
00:13:57,633 --> 00:13:59,900
This is STS-51-D.

304
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:04,466
I'm proud to say the Commander
of that flight, Colonel Bobko,

305
00:14:04,466 --> 00:14:06,066
is here today to watch,

306
00:14:06,066 --> 00:14:08,900
and he's gonna keep me straight
if I say the wrong thing--

307
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:10,200
come up afterwards,

308
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:12,166
and say, "Your commander says
you got that wrong."

309
00:14:12,166 --> 00:14:14,933
So, Bo,
I hope you enjoy the talk.

310
00:14:14,933 --> 00:14:16,366
Here we are.

311
00:14:16,366 --> 00:14:18,766
We actually ended up
training for--

312
00:14:18,766 --> 00:14:20,000
we had four different crews

313
00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:21,700
in training
for four different flights--

314
00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:23,266
had four different patches--

315
00:14:23,266 --> 00:14:26,233
because our flights kept
being cancelled or postponed.

316
00:14:26,233 --> 00:14:29,166
But we eventually were able
to get off the ground

317
00:14:29,166 --> 00:14:31,800
in April of 1985.

318
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,800
Strange to think
it was 30 years ago, Bo.

319
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:36,933
We haven't gotten
a day older, have we?

320
00:14:36,933 --> 00:14:38,533
We had a great time.

321
00:14:38,533 --> 00:14:41,933
It was primarily a flight
to launch a couple of satellites

322
00:14:41,933 --> 00:14:44,233
and do some orbiter testing,

323
00:14:44,233 --> 00:14:46,200
but they did put
some science onboard

324
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:49,700
for the scientists that we had.

325
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:51,700
Here I am.
This is weightlessness.

326
00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:54,466
It's a joy, but it takes
some getting used to.

327
00:14:54,466 --> 00:14:56,566
And that's really what I'm
gonna talk to you about today.

328
00:14:56,566 --> 00:14:59,200
I'm not gonna tell you
all of the data results

329
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:03,133
from all our tests and research
and our experiments.

330
00:15:03,133 --> 00:15:05,300
I'm gonna tell you
about the challenges

331
00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:08,933
of doing life-sciences research
in space.

332
00:15:08,933 --> 00:15:10,466
And that's one of the things

333
00:15:10,466 --> 00:15:13,533
that astronauts
really were there for,

334
00:15:13,533 --> 00:15:15,966
was helping scientists translate

335
00:15:15,966 --> 00:15:17,633
what they had done in the lab

336
00:15:17,633 --> 00:15:20,700
into something
that could be done in flight.

337
00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:25,333
This is the American Flight
Echocardiograph machine--

338
00:15:25,333 --> 00:15:26,600
the first time

339
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:28,800
that we were able to look
inside the human body,

340
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:30,933
at the heart, using ultrasound

341
00:15:30,933 --> 00:15:33,900
to look at what happens
to the heart and blood vessels

342
00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:35,666
when you go into weightlessness.

343
00:15:35,666 --> 00:15:37,366
This is the middeck
of the shuttle,

344
00:15:37,366 --> 00:15:40,500
and there were a number
of small middeck experiments

345
00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:42,100
that NASA put on board,

346
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:44,966
mostly to look
at operational issues--

347
00:15:44,966 --> 00:15:47,400
operational meaning

348
00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:49,000
things like your heart,

349
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:50,466
your blood flow.

350
00:15:50,466 --> 00:15:53,866
And so this was an experiment
that was put on board for me,

351
00:15:53,866 --> 00:15:57,366
and that I had trained on a lot
on the ground

352
00:15:57,366 --> 00:16:00,933
and thought I knew
what I was doing

353
00:16:00,933 --> 00:16:03,000
until I set up the equipment.

354
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,100
And you can see
the problem here.

355
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:06,933
Everything goes haywire.

356
00:16:06,933 --> 00:16:09,133
It won't lay down

357
00:16:09,133 --> 00:16:10,233
like it does here on the ground.

358
00:16:10,233 --> 00:16:11,466
You've got all the wires.

359
00:16:11,466 --> 00:16:12,933
You've got
your equipment floating away.

360
00:16:12,933 --> 00:16:15,866
Your checklist has to be taped
to the wall.

361
00:16:15,866 --> 00:16:18,200
You have to get it all set up.

362
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:19,433
And you have to get used

363
00:16:19,433 --> 00:16:22,700
to the fact
that that's gonna happen.

364
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:26,266
So this was great experience
for me on my first flight.

365
00:16:26,266 --> 00:16:28,333
Here we are,
doing that experiment,

366
00:16:28,333 --> 00:16:30,600
and it almost looks like
we're standing on the ground,

367
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:33,033
but we have our feet
in foot loops on the floor

368
00:16:33,033 --> 00:16:34,466
to stabilize ourselves.

369
00:16:34,466 --> 00:16:37,366
Here I am with Jeff Hoffman,
looking at his heart.

370
00:16:37,366 --> 00:16:39,900
You can tell
how tall and thin he is.

371
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:42,066
His heart's right there
for me to look at.

372
00:16:42,066 --> 00:16:45,900
But lo and behold, his heart
swung out a little bit.

373
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:47,933
It was in a different place
in weightlessness,

374
00:16:47,933 --> 00:16:49,633
and so I had to fish
around for it.

375
00:16:49,633 --> 00:16:51,700
But you can see we're
a little bit better organized.

376
00:16:51,700 --> 00:16:54,566
And the way you can tell that
this picture was taken in space

377
00:16:54,566 --> 00:16:57,233
and not on the ground is
the bumper stickers in the back.

378
00:16:57,233 --> 00:16:59,433
We liked to advertise
our schools.

379
00:16:59,433 --> 00:17:01,166
Jeff went to Amherst.

380
00:17:01,166 --> 00:17:02,933
I went to the University
of Tennessee.

381
00:17:02,933 --> 00:17:05,200
And we tried, when we
were taking nice pictures,

382
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:07,266
to bring back home,
to slap those on the wall.

383
00:17:07,266 --> 00:17:09,300
We obviously didn't do
that in training.

384
00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:11,800
They do let
you take a few things with you

385
00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:13,700
when you go into space,

386
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:17,833
just so it looks like
you're really in flight.

387
00:17:17,833 --> 00:17:19,400
Lots of good information

388
00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:21,933
came back on four subjects
during this flight.

389
00:17:21,933 --> 00:17:24,233
We even trained one
of our Payload Specialists

390
00:17:24,233 --> 00:17:26,766
to do some studies
on motion sickness.

391
00:17:26,766 --> 00:17:28,400
This is Senator Jake Garn.

392
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,933
He's the first politician
in space.

393
00:17:30,933 --> 00:17:32,733
He was a senator
from the state of Utah.

394
00:17:32,733 --> 00:17:36,933
A lot of controversy
about flying politicians,

395
00:17:36,933 --> 00:17:39,333
but Jake got a lot
of experience here.

396
00:17:39,333 --> 00:17:42,100
You can tell
that he was very suited

397
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:46,166
to doing the brainwave test,
by his hairline.

398
00:17:46,166 --> 00:17:49,200
That's why we told him that that
was the one he needed to do.

399
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:51,933
But looking
at space motion sickness--

400
00:17:51,933 --> 00:17:55,200
the press sort of had a heyday
with making jokes

401
00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:58,900
about poor Jake
doing motion-sickness studies,

402
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:00,466
getting sick in space.

403
00:18:00,466 --> 00:18:02,266
He's a pilot.
He'd never been sick.

404
00:18:02,266 --> 00:18:06,100
But anyway, Garry Trudeau
did a series in "Doonesbury"

405
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:09,666
calling him
"Barfing Jake Garn."

406
00:18:09,666 --> 00:18:12,900
And he did really well in space,
barfing.

407
00:18:12,900 --> 00:18:17,500
But he certainly did a lot
of work for us.

408
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:19,900
And later on,
in some of NASA's dark days,

409
00:18:19,900 --> 00:18:23,333
it was very helpful to have him
representing us

410
00:18:23,333 --> 00:18:25,066
in the Congress.

411
00:18:25,066 --> 00:18:26,600
And he was very well-respected

412
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:28,366
because he had been there
and done that.

413
00:18:28,366 --> 00:18:29,933
So here's Jake.

414
00:18:29,933 --> 00:18:31,000
But you can see
he's got to put

415
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,600
all of his equipment
in a place,

416
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,700
stabilize himself, in order
to get the good science.

417
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:39,666
So it can be done
by private citizens,

418
00:18:39,666 --> 00:18:42,666
but it works a little bit better
when you do it with people

419
00:18:42,666 --> 00:18:44,866
who know the science.

420
00:18:44,866 --> 00:18:46,600
I was fortunate.

421
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:47,866
About that time

422
00:18:47,866 --> 00:18:51,300
I was assigned to
another space-shuttle mission.

423
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:55,433
It was called
Spacelab Life Sciences 1.

424
00:18:55,433 --> 00:18:59,100
The life-sciences Spacelabs
were not operational issues.

425
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:00,566
They were research missions.

426
00:19:00,566 --> 00:19:04,600
And NASA sent out announcements
of opportunity to scientists

427
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,566
all over the world
to propose science.

428
00:19:07,566 --> 00:19:09,766
Lots of proposals came in.

429
00:19:09,766 --> 00:19:12,900
A few were selected for flight.

430
00:19:12,900 --> 00:19:16,066
Certainly--I think even some
of our experimenters

431
00:19:16,066 --> 00:19:19,333
and our research scientists
are here today to hear the talk.

432
00:19:19,333 --> 00:19:21,766
Very complex mission--

433
00:19:21,766 --> 00:19:23,300
an integrated mission--

434
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:24,633
the Spacelab missions

435
00:19:24,633 --> 00:19:26,666
that had flown before
had a little of this science,

436
00:19:26,666 --> 00:19:27,866
a little of that science.

437
00:19:27,866 --> 00:19:29,233
This was the first time

438
00:19:29,233 --> 00:19:32,933
a mission had been dedicated
entirely to life sciences.

439
00:19:32,933 --> 00:19:35,766
And so, we could test
many different systems

440
00:19:35,766 --> 00:19:38,300
and see what was going on
inside the human body.

441
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:39,600
Doesn't help to look
at your heart

442
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:41,866
if you don't know
what your kidneys are doing,

443
00:19:41,866 --> 00:19:43,433
what your
blood-pressure-regulation

444
00:19:43,433 --> 00:19:46,933
system are doing, what's
going on with your metabolism.

445
00:19:46,933 --> 00:19:48,633
So it was a wonderful mission.

446
00:19:48,633 --> 00:19:54,366
It was the mission
that I came to NASA to fly.

447
00:19:54,366 --> 00:19:57,133
We had our crew picture done.

448
00:19:57,133 --> 00:19:59,833
We were three physicians
there in the front row,

449
00:19:59,833 --> 00:20:01,333
and Millie's a biochemist.

450
00:20:01,333 --> 00:20:04,800
She's from out this way--an
invaluable member of our crew.

451
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:06,600
And we're getting ready
for our flight.

452
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:08,066
We're wearing
the big orange suits

453
00:20:08,066 --> 00:20:09,600
that were worn
after the Challenger.

454
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,700
This was in 1991.

455
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:14,900
And we're all looking
very formal in our--

456
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:18,300
in our attire,
in our formal picture.

457
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:20,900
The crews, of course,
like to have a little fun.

458
00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:22,766
And in the not-NASA archives--

459
00:20:22,766 --> 00:20:24,566
you will probably never
see this next picture,

460
00:20:24,566 --> 00:20:27,033
but I'll show it to you.

461
00:20:27,033 --> 00:20:30,133
Here we are goofing off.

462
00:20:30,133 --> 00:20:32,766
We decided we were
the perfect M.A.S.H. unit.

463
00:20:32,766 --> 00:20:35,566
You can see
Hawkeye and Trapper John.

464
00:20:35,566 --> 00:20:38,300
You can see Father Mulcahy,
Hot Lips.

465
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:41,866
And being named Rhea,
I had to be Radar, of course.

466
00:20:41,866 --> 00:20:43,400
And none of the men,

467
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,966
for some reason, wanted to be
Klinger, the cross-dresser.

468
00:20:46,966 --> 00:20:49,300
And so Drew Gaffney
drew the short straw,

469
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:50,900
and he got to wear the dress.

470
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:53,066
So we did have a little bit
of fun with it.

471
00:20:53,066 --> 00:20:55,133
But it was a great crew.

472
00:20:55,133 --> 00:20:57,866
I'm gonna show you, for the
second life-sciences mission--

473
00:20:57,866 --> 00:21:00,600
I had gained a lot
of experience on the first one.

474
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:02,366
I volunteered
to make the second one

475
00:21:02,366 --> 00:21:04,700
because I thought
we could make it more efficient,

476
00:21:04,700 --> 00:21:06,233
and we had learned a lot

477
00:21:06,233 --> 00:21:08,566
about doing
all of these science experiments

478
00:21:08,566 --> 00:21:09,966
all clumped together--

479
00:21:09,966 --> 00:21:13,733
how to coordinate everything
and make sure the data was good.

480
00:21:13,733 --> 00:21:16,133
And so I volunteered
for this mission.

481
00:21:16,133 --> 00:21:18,533
It was the first time
that I had worked with Ames,

482
00:21:18,533 --> 00:21:19,833
I think.

483
00:21:19,833 --> 00:21:23,666
They were in charge
of the non-human experiments--

484
00:21:23,666 --> 00:21:25,366
the animals, the jellyfish,

485
00:21:25,366 --> 00:21:27,666
the things that we flew
that were not people.

486
00:21:27,666 --> 00:21:29,133
They were managed here.

487
00:21:29,133 --> 00:21:32,766
And I got to know an awful lot
of just great people out here,

488
00:21:32,766 --> 00:21:35,433
so anxious to be a part
of this grand endeavor,

489
00:21:35,433 --> 00:21:37,300
and worked so hard

490
00:21:37,300 --> 00:21:41,866
to make sure that everything
that we wanted to do got done.

491
00:21:41,866 --> 00:21:43,266
Again, a great crew.

492
00:21:43,266 --> 00:21:47,033
We had three Payload Specialist
candidates that trained with us.

493
00:21:47,033 --> 00:21:49,766
One flew, Dr. Marty Fettman--

494
00:21:49,766 --> 00:21:51,466
the first veterinarian in space,

495
00:21:51,466 --> 00:21:53,866
because we were gonna
carry animals on the mission,

496
00:21:53,866 --> 00:21:55,766
and it was helpful
to have him there

497
00:21:55,766 --> 00:21:58,700
to represent the animals.

498
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:02,733
And Dr. Larry Young

499
00:22:02,733 --> 00:22:06,400
and Dr. Jay Buckey trained
with us--didn't make the flight,

500
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,500
but they were representing us
in the Payload Control Center

501
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:11,900
on the ground,
an invaluable resource.

502
00:22:11,900 --> 00:22:13,633
They had trained.
They knew all the things

503
00:22:13,633 --> 00:22:16,833
we were gonna do
and really represented the crew

504
00:22:16,833 --> 00:22:19,833
in the Payload Control Center.

505
00:22:19,833 --> 00:22:22,800
And, of course, we had
to have an informal picture.

506
00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,900
And we thought, "Okay,
what are we?"

507
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:27,000
We are going to stay in space

508
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,100
for longer than
any other mission had stayed.

509
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:33,366
And we had so much crammed
on board that we had to stow.

510
00:22:33,366 --> 00:22:34,433
We had to train on--

511
00:22:34,433 --> 00:22:36,300
we had to know where it was.

512
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:38,666
I mean, what did this feel like?

513
00:22:38,666 --> 00:22:42,533
Well, it sort of felt
like a family camping trip.

514
00:22:42,533 --> 00:22:45,266
So here are the happy campers.

515
00:22:45,266 --> 00:22:47,800
I hadn't realized
till I looked at this picture

516
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:51,066
how many hairy chests
there were on this flight,

517
00:22:51,066 --> 00:22:54,100
but here we are having a good
time with some of our science

518
00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:55,333
and some of our camping gear.

519
00:22:55,333 --> 00:22:57,933
But again,
crews always enjoy

520
00:22:57,933 --> 00:22:59,400
having a little fun.

521
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:00,866
And you train for so long,

522
00:23:00,866 --> 00:23:03,600
under such amount of stress,

523
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,333
that it's good to have a chance
to laugh every once in a while--

524
00:23:06,333 --> 00:23:08,666
mostly at yourself.

525
00:23:08,666 --> 00:23:10,433
This is Spacelab.

526
00:23:10,433 --> 00:23:12,300
Spacelab was
a working laboratory

527
00:23:12,300 --> 00:23:13,733
that sat in the cargo bay--

528
00:23:13,733 --> 00:23:15,333
at the back of the cargo bay--

529
00:23:15,333 --> 00:23:17,100
about 15 feet in diameter,

530
00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:18,600
23 feet long,

531
00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:19,900
and a working laboratory

532
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:21,800
where you could put
all your lab stuff.

533
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:23,833
The middeck
of the shuttle--very cramped,

534
00:23:23,833 --> 00:23:25,500
and it's living quarters,

535
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:28,933
so it was very helpful
to have lots and lots of room.

536
00:23:28,933 --> 00:23:31,033
And when you're on the ground,
and you're looking at this,

537
00:23:31,033 --> 00:23:33,066
and everything is neat
and put away,

538
00:23:33,066 --> 00:23:36,633
you think, "We've got lots
of room to do this."

539
00:23:36,633 --> 00:23:39,266
Well, it fills up fast.

540
00:23:39,266 --> 00:23:41,633
And it fills up
in many dimensions.

541
00:23:41,633 --> 00:23:42,633
Imagine if you--

542
00:23:42,633 --> 00:23:44,066
if we in this room

543
00:23:44,066 --> 00:23:46,600
could use all the real estate
that's up above us.

544
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:49,333
We're using maybe 1/3
of the space in here.

545
00:23:49,333 --> 00:23:50,800
There's a lot more real estate.

546
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:53,033
And that's what we had
to learn to do

547
00:23:53,033 --> 00:23:55,333
when we were in the Spacelab.

548
00:23:55,333 --> 00:23:57,800
You see Millie up here?

549
00:23:57,800 --> 00:23:59,433
We had lots of stowage.

550
00:23:59,433 --> 00:24:02,533
We learned how to hook our feet
on the handrails

551
00:24:02,533 --> 00:24:03,900
and open up this,

552
00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:06,500
and it was a great place
to stow.

553
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:08,133
On the ground,
it was kind of a pain

554
00:24:08,133 --> 00:24:09,166
to get stuff out of there,

555
00:24:09,166 --> 00:24:11,500
but in space, it worked well.

556
00:24:11,500 --> 00:24:12,966
Lots of checklists,

557
00:24:12,966 --> 00:24:15,500
lots of things out

558
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:16,866
that we needed to leave out,

559
00:24:16,866 --> 00:24:19,500
'cause we were gonna do
something later that day,

560
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,900
lots of people back in there--

561
00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:24,266
who's that?

562
00:24:24,266 --> 00:24:27,166
Anybody know?

563
00:24:27,166 --> 00:24:28,833
Looks terrible.

564
00:24:28,833 --> 00:24:30,233
Not space motion sickness.

565
00:24:30,233 --> 00:24:31,700
That's Resusci Annie.

566
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:33,933
We did some tests of doing CPR.

567
00:24:33,933 --> 00:24:35,866
Remember the one
that I did early on?

568
00:24:35,866 --> 00:24:37,600
We took Resusci Annie with us

569
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:39,966
to do a little bit more formal
studies there.

570
00:24:39,966 --> 00:24:42,600
But again,

571
00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:45,633
learning to do it
in a very different environment.

572
00:24:45,633 --> 00:24:48,700
The scientists know how to do it
in their lab.

573
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:50,933
They have no idea how they're
gonna do it up there.

574
00:24:50,933 --> 00:24:53,000
And that's the role
of the astronauts.

575
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:56,100
And that was part of the fun
that we had--

576
00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:58,800
trying to think about "how
are we gonna do this?"

577
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:00,700
and "what's it gonna look like?"

578
00:25:00,700 --> 00:25:02,800
and "what are we gonna do
if it doesn't act that way

579
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:03,966
when we get there?"

580
00:25:03,966 --> 00:25:07,200
and figuring it out
to get the job done.

581
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:08,466
Many, many experiments--

582
00:25:08,466 --> 00:25:10,366
a lot of people counting on us.

583
00:25:10,366 --> 00:25:12,400
The scientists said,
"You are our eyes

584
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,500
and our hands in space,"
and we took that responsibility

585
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:17,566
very seriously.

586
00:25:17,566 --> 00:25:20,366
Just to show you,
this is one blood draw.

587
00:25:20,366 --> 00:25:22,766
We did metabolic experiments.

588
00:25:22,766 --> 00:25:25,400
And we had four subjects,

589
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:27,800
and we were gonna have to do--
get up in the morning,

590
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:28,833
before we ate breakfast,

591
00:25:28,833 --> 00:25:30,366
and draw blood samples.

592
00:25:30,366 --> 00:25:33,966
We'd injected tracers,
and this is it all set out.

593
00:25:33,966 --> 00:25:35,066
We had trained.

594
00:25:35,066 --> 00:25:36,366
We had planned.

595
00:25:36,366 --> 00:25:39,433
And we worked out that this was
the most efficient way

596
00:25:39,433 --> 00:25:44,433
to put the most stuff
in one small container,

597
00:25:44,433 --> 00:25:45,600
and here it is.

598
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,000
This is four subjects.

599
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,000
You can see,
we all had different colors.

600
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:50,533
You may not be able to see it,

601
00:25:50,533 --> 00:25:53,000
but the colors here--

602
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,766
they're red, orange, green,

603
00:25:55,766 --> 00:25:57,233
and purple, I think.

604
00:25:57,233 --> 00:25:59,200
Each crew member
had a different color.

605
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:03,166
So our tubes were color-coded,
our--

606
00:26:03,166 --> 00:26:04,800
Everything was color-coded

607
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:08,366
with our specific color,

608
00:26:08,366 --> 00:26:11,033
so that when it came back, we
knew that that was Ray's blood,

609
00:26:11,033 --> 00:26:13,566
or Millie's blood,
or somebody else's blood.

610
00:26:13,566 --> 00:26:16,333
So this was all laid out for us.

611
00:26:16,333 --> 00:26:18,833
And, you know,
it looks complex.

612
00:26:18,833 --> 00:26:20,400
It was even complex

613
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,133
when you had to use this stuff.

614
00:26:23,133 --> 00:26:25,900
This is a blood draw
using that tray.

615
00:26:25,900 --> 00:26:28,933
And look what's going on here.

616
00:26:28,933 --> 00:26:30,666
Millie's the subject.

617
00:26:30,666 --> 00:26:33,466
She's having her blood
drawn by Drew.

618
00:26:33,466 --> 00:26:36,500
She's holding the blood
that has been drawn already.

619
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:40,866
He draws the blood
and hands it to her.

620
00:26:40,866 --> 00:26:43,900
Jim is pulling out the tubes
next.

621
00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:46,566
He's looking at the colors,
the time,

622
00:26:46,566 --> 00:26:48,133
which one of the blood
draws is it,

623
00:26:48,133 --> 00:26:50,566
and hands it to Drew
to draw the blood.

624
00:26:50,566 --> 00:26:52,166
Now, it's really helpful

625
00:26:52,166 --> 00:26:54,166
to have plenty of help
when you're doing this.

626
00:26:54,166 --> 00:26:56,366
The other thing
that's going on here

627
00:26:56,366 --> 00:26:58,333
that maybe
is a little bit more subtle is,

628
00:26:58,333 --> 00:27:00,300
they can cross-check each other.

629
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,066
If Drew was trying
to pull those things out,

630
00:27:03,066 --> 00:27:05,466
he might pull the wrong thing.

631
00:27:05,466 --> 00:27:07,133
But Jim pulls out the tubes,

632
00:27:07,133 --> 00:27:08,333
he looks at them,

633
00:27:08,333 --> 00:27:10,966
and then Drew,
before he draws the blood,

634
00:27:10,966 --> 00:27:12,133
gets to look at them again.

635
00:27:12,133 --> 00:27:14,266
So that's called cross-checking,

636
00:27:14,266 --> 00:27:15,500
and it's really helpful--

637
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:16,900
certainly in medicine,

638
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:19,600
for instance, if you're gonna
get a pint of blood--

639
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:21,800
that two people
look at that and cross check

640
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:23,566
and make sure
you're getting the right stuff.

641
00:27:23,566 --> 00:27:25,900
Or if somebody's going
to operate on you,

642
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:29,000
it's nice to have somebody
there that's gonna cross check

643
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:30,766
to make sure
you're the right person,

644
00:27:30,766 --> 00:27:32,266
and the right procedure's
being done.

645
00:27:32,266 --> 00:27:34,266
So cross-check is one
of those things

646
00:27:34,266 --> 00:27:36,800
that's a very nice life skill
and something

647
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:38,133
that we learned how to do,

648
00:27:38,133 --> 00:27:41,433
so that we didn't mess up
when we got to space.

649
00:27:41,433 --> 00:27:43,166
I have to tell you
a little story.

650
00:27:43,166 --> 00:27:45,133
As we're going out
to the launch pad

651
00:27:45,133 --> 00:27:47,666
for this mission, the Chief
of the Astronaut Office

652
00:27:47,666 --> 00:27:49,800
has to get off the bus
before we go out to the pad.

653
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,566
And he said, "I would like you
to all bow your heads

654
00:27:53,566 --> 00:27:55,900
so I can say a prayer
before I get off the bus."

655
00:27:55,900 --> 00:27:57,266
And we all thought, "Okay."

656
00:27:57,266 --> 00:27:58,933
We very somberly--

657
00:27:58,933 --> 00:28:02,000
and his prayer
was the astronaut's prayer:

658
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:04,133
"God help you
if you screw up."

659
00:28:04,133 --> 00:28:08,133
So we remembered that.

660
00:28:08,133 --> 00:28:11,033
For the next few days,
that was our mission--

661
00:28:11,033 --> 00:28:12,966
to do that.

662
00:28:12,966 --> 00:28:15,266
And scientists, when they
propose experiments, say,

663
00:28:15,266 --> 00:28:16,433
"This is really gonna be easy,

664
00:28:16,433 --> 00:28:19,300
because I just
want them to draw some blood

665
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:20,933
and collect some urine."

666
00:28:20,933 --> 00:28:22,266
Now, if you're part of

667
00:28:22,266 --> 00:28:23,466
an experiment
like that on the ground,

668
00:28:23,466 --> 00:28:25,366
that's not a big deal.

669
00:28:25,366 --> 00:28:27,400
You go in the bathroom,
you collect urine.

670
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,766
How do you collect urine
in space?

671
00:28:29,766 --> 00:28:31,233
Many people don't know that--

672
00:28:31,233 --> 00:28:32,766
you know,

673
00:28:32,766 --> 00:28:35,100
there's a problem with that,
if it says--you can imagine.

674
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:38,333
We use airflow to pull waste
away from the body.

675
00:28:38,333 --> 00:28:40,066
The air comes
under the toilet seat,

676
00:28:40,066 --> 00:28:44,433
and it pulls the urine
into the toilet.

677
00:28:44,433 --> 00:28:45,900
We have a funnel
that we can put--

678
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:47,666
that goes down the tube.

679
00:28:47,666 --> 00:28:49,400
How are you gonna
get a urine specimen?

680
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:51,566
How are you gonna measure
the volume of urine

681
00:28:51,566 --> 00:28:53,900
that a subject puts out
during the day?

682
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:55,666
A special piece of equipment

683
00:28:55,666 --> 00:28:58,633
was designed, called
the Urine Monitoring System--

684
00:28:58,633 --> 00:29:00,266
pulls the urine in,

685
00:29:00,266 --> 00:29:03,133
centrifugally separates

686
00:29:03,133 --> 00:29:05,766
the urine from the air.

687
00:29:05,766 --> 00:29:07,566
It can measure a volume,

688
00:29:07,566 --> 00:29:10,233
and it can pull a specimen
out here.

689
00:29:10,233 --> 00:29:14,066
We all had our color-coded tubes
that it was pulled into

690
00:29:14,066 --> 00:29:15,266
and put it in here.

691
00:29:15,266 --> 00:29:18,266
So a very simple thing
to do on the ground,

692
00:29:18,266 --> 00:29:20,300
a very complex thing
to do on orbit,

693
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:21,733
and to do it correctly.

694
00:29:21,733 --> 00:29:23,566
And so, again,

695
00:29:23,566 --> 00:29:26,533
science was easy
for some of the scientists,

696
00:29:26,533 --> 00:29:28,600
and they couldn't understand
why it was gonna be so hard

697
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:30,233
when they got into space.

698
00:29:30,233 --> 00:29:34,066
But there were things like that
that had to be accommodated.

699
00:29:34,066 --> 00:29:35,533
How do you weigh
yourself in space?

700
00:29:35,533 --> 00:29:38,733
Oh, you know, you tell
a subject, "Go weigh yourself."

701
00:29:38,733 --> 00:29:40,500
This is how you
weight yourself in space.

702
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:43,366
This is the Body Mass
Measuring Device.

703
00:29:43,366 --> 00:29:45,966
You sit in this chair,
strap in,

704
00:29:45,966 --> 00:29:47,766
release a spring,

705
00:29:47,766 --> 00:29:51,333
and the heavier you are,
the slower the spring rocks

706
00:29:51,333 --> 00:29:52,433
back and forth.

707
00:29:52,433 --> 00:29:54,400
The computer
can calculate your weight.

708
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:56,900
So, a simple thing
done on the ground,

709
00:29:56,900 --> 00:29:59,533
a very complex thing
done on orbit.

710
00:29:59,533 --> 00:30:03,633
And we had to learn how to do
this to do it accurately.

711
00:30:03,633 --> 00:30:06,966
And operationally, you know, you
practice things on the ground,

712
00:30:06,966 --> 00:30:08,900
and then you get into space,

713
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:10,733
and you can't quite
do them the same.

714
00:30:10,733 --> 00:30:13,700
This is looking at blood flow
to the leg.

715
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:16,033
There's a problem
when astronauts stand up

716
00:30:16,033 --> 00:30:18,800
after they get home,
sometimes they get lightheaded.

717
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:20,200
The idea was,

718
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:22,800
maybe the blood is not getting
back to the heart as well.

719
00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:24,266
So this is an experiment.

720
00:30:24,266 --> 00:30:27,233
Usually, in this, the subject's
lying down when you do that.

721
00:30:27,233 --> 00:30:29,933
But look how much easier
it is to do this here,

722
00:30:29,933 --> 00:30:31,533
and do it this way.

723
00:30:31,533 --> 00:30:33,566
But sometimes you have to do it
a time or two to say,

724
00:30:33,566 --> 00:30:35,233
"Hey, you know,
it works better this way.

725
00:30:35,233 --> 00:30:36,733
I just put my subject
up there,

726
00:30:36,733 --> 00:30:38,800
and the operator'll be down here
next to all the equipment."

727
00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:39,833
Works much better.

728
00:30:39,833 --> 00:30:41,233
So operationally,

729
00:30:41,233 --> 00:30:44,066
sometimes you have to not
only have different equipment,

730
00:30:44,066 --> 00:30:46,533
but have a different way of
thinking

731
00:30:46,533 --> 00:30:49,633
about what's possible.

732
00:30:49,633 --> 00:30:52,500
We also--this is an experiment

733
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:54,266
that put pressure or suction

734
00:30:54,266 --> 00:30:56,966
on the blood pressure censors
in the neck,

735
00:30:56,966 --> 00:30:59,933
to see whether or not
the heart responded--

736
00:30:59,933 --> 00:31:01,700
whether that was one
of the problems

737
00:31:01,700 --> 00:31:05,033
with dropping blood pressure
when you got back,

738
00:31:05,033 --> 00:31:07,366
if those reflexes
got out of shape.

739
00:31:07,366 --> 00:31:09,333
But, as you can imagine, you

740
00:31:09,333 --> 00:31:12,533
have to worry about the safety
of experiments like this.

741
00:31:12,533 --> 00:31:13,733
You know, "I'm gonna mess

742
00:31:13,733 --> 00:31:15,833
with
your blood-pressure receptors,

743
00:31:15,833 --> 00:31:17,666
and it's gonna do something
to your heart,

744
00:31:17,666 --> 00:31:19,533
and you're gonna
have to monitor"--

745
00:31:19,533 --> 00:31:22,166
what do we do if you
have a bad reaction to that?

746
00:31:22,166 --> 00:31:25,433
So there was a lot of planning
for worst-case scenarios.

747
00:31:25,433 --> 00:31:26,466
You know, "What are we gonna do?

748
00:31:26,466 --> 00:31:27,966
How will we recognize it?"

749
00:31:27,966 --> 00:31:30,066
And then, "How do we deal
with it, when we're in space?"

750
00:31:30,066 --> 00:31:32,433
Luckily, nothing happened,
but, again--

751
00:31:32,433 --> 00:31:35,966
the exercise of proving
to our safety organization

752
00:31:35,966 --> 00:31:38,866
that it was safe to do this.

753
00:31:38,866 --> 00:31:41,133
This is how we did exercise
in space.

754
00:31:41,133 --> 00:31:43,300
And tell you a little bit
about that--we were wondering,

755
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:45,033
"How much exercise could you do?

756
00:31:45,033 --> 00:31:48,400
What was your intake of oxygen,
output of CO2?"

757
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:49,566
You know, "What does that
look like?"

758
00:31:49,566 --> 00:31:51,500
So here I am on a bike,

759
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:54,033
but it looks a little odd.

760
00:31:54,033 --> 00:31:56,000
What is this?

761
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,500
There's a similar one
on the other side.

762
00:31:58,500 --> 00:32:00,900
You can imagine,
if you're sitting on a bike

763
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:02,533
bolted to the floor,

764
00:32:02,533 --> 00:32:05,033
and you start pushing
the pedals,

765
00:32:05,033 --> 00:32:06,800
you're gonna
go the opposite direction.

766
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:08,700
So you have to have something
to hold you down.

767
00:32:08,700 --> 00:32:11,800
Those are shoulder boards
that hold you down to the bike,

768
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:13,733
so you could do the exercise.

769
00:32:13,733 --> 00:32:16,600
One thing that we had not
thought of

770
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:17,833
for this experiment--

771
00:32:17,833 --> 00:32:20,600
because you went
to maximal exercise.

772
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:22,133
So the guys are there and,

773
00:32:22,133 --> 00:32:24,300
you know, they're big mooses.

774
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:26,200
They're doing big-time exercise,

775
00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:28,000
and they start to sweat.

776
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:30,066
If you ever sweat on the bike
in the gym,

777
00:32:30,066 --> 00:32:31,066
it goes on the floor,

778
00:32:31,066 --> 00:32:32,233
and you clean it up afterwards.

779
00:32:32,233 --> 00:32:33,500
Where does it go?

780
00:32:33,500 --> 00:32:35,100
It blobs up.

781
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:36,500
And here you are,

782
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:37,933
you float by,

783
00:32:37,933 --> 00:32:40,566
and there's this
giant blob of sweat

784
00:32:40,566 --> 00:32:42,400
hanging off the back
of this guy.

785
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:44,600
So he had--we had to have
helpers

786
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:46,066
to go around with a towel

787
00:32:46,066 --> 00:32:49,100
and keep the sweat in one place.

788
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:51,700
Another thing
that I'm often asked,

789
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:54,266
especially by kids--

790
00:32:54,266 --> 00:32:58,733
"You ever see any UFOs
or aliens in space?"

791
00:32:58,733 --> 00:33:01,566
And I said, "No, I haven't."

792
00:33:01,566 --> 00:33:03,900
But, quite frankly,

793
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:06,333
occasionally we catch them

794
00:33:06,333 --> 00:33:08,866
and see them in pictures.

795
00:33:08,866 --> 00:33:12,800
What is this?

796
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:14,166
That's an alien.

797
00:33:14,166 --> 00:33:15,366
That's a crew member.

798
00:33:15,366 --> 00:33:17,566
He just kind of looks weird
in that picture.

799
00:33:17,566 --> 00:33:19,833
And people say, "What is that?"

800
00:33:19,833 --> 00:33:22,766
That's our alien.

801
00:33:22,766 --> 00:33:24,766
This is doing
a lung-function test.

802
00:33:24,766 --> 00:33:27,233
Dave Wolf is breathing
on this machine

803
00:33:27,233 --> 00:33:29,400
to look at
how your lungs function.

804
00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:31,466
Again, easy to do on the ground,

805
00:33:31,466 --> 00:33:34,000
uses a gas called argon.

806
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,800
There are other things
on there--gases,

807
00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:40,233
or liquids that turn to gas,
like Freon in the freezers.

808
00:33:40,233 --> 00:33:42,666
One of the things
you had to prove was that,

809
00:33:42,666 --> 00:33:45,033
if all that gas leaked out,

810
00:33:45,033 --> 00:33:48,800
it would not reach
a dangerous concentration

811
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:50,233
in the Spacelab.

812
00:33:50,233 --> 00:33:52,000
And so that was one
of the other things

813
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:53,100
that we had to worry about.

814
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:55,966
How little gas could you use?

815
00:33:55,966 --> 00:33:59,466
How to keep your subject safe--

816
00:33:59,466 --> 00:34:01,900
this is a subject
doing a vestibular test,

817
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:02,966
rotating in the chair.

818
00:34:02,966 --> 00:34:04,466
But you can see,
he's blindfolded.

819
00:34:04,466 --> 00:34:05,600
He's strapped in.

820
00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:07,533
If something happened--
an emergency happened--

821
00:34:07,533 --> 00:34:09,600
he gets disoriented doing this.

822
00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:11,100
How do we get him
out of there safely?

823
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:13,200
So things
that you frequently don't have

824
00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:15,033
to worry about on the ground,

825
00:34:15,033 --> 00:34:17,766
you have to think about
when you get up there.

826
00:34:17,766 --> 00:34:19,566
Jellyfish.

827
00:34:19,566 --> 00:34:22,100
The title of the talk
talked about jellyfish.

828
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:24,766
Interesting that we took
some flasks of jellyfish,

829
00:34:24,766 --> 00:34:26,533
we injected them
with hormones.

830
00:34:26,533 --> 00:34:29,700
Jellyfish start
like these little polyps.

831
00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:31,733
They get some thyroid hormone,

832
00:34:31,733 --> 00:34:32,900
and they strobilate.

833
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:34,900
They turn into little sections.

834
00:34:34,900 --> 00:34:36,533
And they float free.

835
00:34:36,533 --> 00:34:38,700
And they form statoliths
that are kind of

836
00:34:38,700 --> 00:34:40,233
like the otoliths
in your ear--

837
00:34:40,233 --> 00:34:42,066
little stones that tell them

838
00:34:42,066 --> 00:34:43,900
where up and down are
and whether they're moving.

839
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:46,533
The question is,
did they develop them in space?

840
00:34:46,533 --> 00:34:49,166
And they did. That's obviously
hardwired into the--

841
00:34:49,166 --> 00:34:50,500
into their DNA.

842
00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:52,366
They swam in circles up there,

843
00:34:52,366 --> 00:34:53,566
but they could swim just--

844
00:34:53,566 --> 00:34:56,233
just nicely
when they got back down.

845
00:34:56,233 --> 00:34:58,900
So a simple experiment,

846
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:01,933
but it was fun to do, and fun
to watch the little jellies

847
00:35:01,933 --> 00:35:04,166
swimming in their little flasks.

848
00:35:04,166 --> 00:35:07,066
We took animals into space
for the first time--

849
00:35:07,066 --> 00:35:08,233
lots of rats.

850
00:35:08,233 --> 00:35:10,933
They had flown
in sealed containers before.

851
00:35:10,933 --> 00:35:13,566
This was the Research
Animal Holding Facility,

852
00:35:13,566 --> 00:35:16,233
a massive project
by the Ames folks.

853
00:35:16,233 --> 00:35:19,833
The first time the Research
Animal Holding Facility flew,

854
00:35:19,833 --> 00:35:22,100
it didn't function very well.

855
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:24,000
The airflow was not very good,

856
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,266
and some of the air came out.

857
00:35:26,266 --> 00:35:27,800
And when your commander

858
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:30,266
is sitting up in the cockpit,

859
00:35:30,266 --> 00:35:33,800
and he looks up,
and he says, "Oh, shit,"

860
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:35,233
and that's what it is,

861
00:35:35,233 --> 00:35:38,533
because it's come
out of the animal cages,

862
00:35:38,533 --> 00:35:42,033
the people back in Mission
Control get a little freaky.

863
00:35:42,033 --> 00:35:45,300
And so the animal cages
had to be redesigned.

864
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:47,233
We didn't think we would have
them for this mission,

865
00:35:47,233 --> 00:35:51,566
but because we were delayed
by Challenger, we--

866
00:35:51,566 --> 00:35:53,000
they were redesigned in time.

867
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:54,833
Thank you,
all you wonderful Ames people

868
00:35:54,833 --> 00:35:56,433
that work so hard on this.

869
00:35:56,433 --> 00:35:59,033
We flew them on SLS-1 as a test.

870
00:35:59,033 --> 00:36:00,500
We're pulling them out.

871
00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:04,566
We got a permission to pull them
out of the holding facility.

872
00:36:04,566 --> 00:36:05,833
The animals were healthy.

873
00:36:05,833 --> 00:36:07,366
The cages were working well.

874
00:36:07,366 --> 00:36:11,066
We pulled them out,
took them over to a workbench

875
00:36:11,066 --> 00:36:13,466
to see how the animals
reacted to weightlessness.

876
00:36:13,466 --> 00:36:14,533
They didn't get aggressive.

877
00:36:14,533 --> 00:36:15,633
They were easy to handle.

878
00:36:15,633 --> 00:36:18,600
And that was a good thing
for SLS-2,

879
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:21,366
because we did animal
dissections for the first time.

880
00:36:21,366 --> 00:36:22,766
And you can imagine--

881
00:36:22,766 --> 00:36:25,333
if you remember your freshman
or sophomore biology class

882
00:36:25,333 --> 00:36:27,666
and dissecting a frog
or dissecting an animal,

883
00:36:27,666 --> 00:36:30,633
imagine planning
to do that in weightlessness.

884
00:36:30,633 --> 00:36:32,766
A lot of stuff
about the animals themselves,

885
00:36:32,766 --> 00:36:34,900
the tissues that we had to save,

886
00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:38,633
the fixatives we had
to put them in, the instruments

887
00:36:38,633 --> 00:36:41,433
we had to use, the time
constraints that we had--

888
00:36:41,433 --> 00:36:44,100
and we practiced, and practiced,
and practiced, and practiced,

889
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:46,566
thanks to the amazing people

890
00:36:46,566 --> 00:36:49,366
here at Ames that helped
us plan that and do that,

891
00:36:49,366 --> 00:36:51,133
put all the stowage for us.

892
00:36:51,133 --> 00:36:53,300
And they breathed a sigh
of relief

893
00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:54,500
when we voiced down,

894
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:55,700
"We did six animals,

895
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:57,533
and we got all the tissues
that we meant to."

896
00:36:57,533 --> 00:36:59,400
So it was amazing.

897
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:01,766
We wanted to compare
the reaction of the rats

898
00:37:01,766 --> 00:37:03,166
in space to people,

899
00:37:03,166 --> 00:37:06,533
to see whether or not they
were good models for humans.

900
00:37:06,533 --> 00:37:08,633
So a very,
very important part

901
00:37:08,633 --> 00:37:10,766
of what we were doing
on this mission.

902
00:37:10,766 --> 00:37:12,566
When we come back
to Earth, you know,

903
00:37:12,566 --> 00:37:14,366
you're above the atmosphere
when you start out,

904
00:37:14,366 --> 00:37:15,966
and when you enter
the Earth's atmosphere

905
00:37:15,966 --> 00:37:17,900
and you hit
all the air molecules,

906
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:19,333
it heats up the shuttle.

907
00:37:19,333 --> 00:37:21,966
You have to be protected
from that heat.

908
00:37:21,966 --> 00:37:23,666
And this is what it looks like.

909
00:37:23,666 --> 00:37:26,033
And the folks
at Ames Research Center

910
00:37:26,033 --> 00:37:28,766
were in charge of
the thermal protection system.

911
00:37:28,766 --> 00:37:31,600
And we owe our lives
to the people that designed

912
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:35,466
this remarkable system
of insulating blankets,

913
00:37:35,466 --> 00:37:37,033
reinforced carbon-carbon,

914
00:37:37,033 --> 00:37:41,033
and all the tiles that fit
on the bottom of the shuttle.

915
00:37:41,033 --> 00:37:44,100
And this is what it looks
like when you're in the midst

916
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:45,333
of that fireball,

917
00:37:45,333 --> 00:37:48,000
and you realize
how much your life

918
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,033
depends on that system.

919
00:37:51,033 --> 00:37:52,066
I'll read a little book--

920
00:37:52,066 --> 00:37:54,600
a bit out of the book.

921
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:57,433
"After a successful
deorbit burn,

922
00:37:57,433 --> 00:38:01,100
the orbiter flipped over so
that its nose was forward again.

923
00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,200
The nose had to be cocked up
about 40 degrees,

924
00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:06,566
so the heat shield tiles
on the underbelly

925
00:38:06,566 --> 00:38:09,033
would get most of the heating
during reentry.

926
00:38:09,033 --> 00:38:11,633
As we sank deeper and deeper
into the atmosphere,

927
00:38:11,633 --> 00:38:14,300
an orange glow
began to appear out the windows.

928
00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:17,566
Behind my head, heated air
molecules struck the tail

929
00:38:17,566 --> 00:38:20,666
and created bright flashes
of light on the backs

930
00:38:20,666 --> 00:38:22,633
of Bryan and Sid's helmets.

931
00:38:22,633 --> 00:38:25,800
We were in a thin-skinned
protective cocoon in the midst

932
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:29,033
of a fireball as hot
as the surface of the sun.

933
00:38:29,033 --> 00:38:31,766
If there were any breaks
in our vehicle's skin,

934
00:38:31,766 --> 00:38:33,766
we'd soon be incinerated."

935
00:38:33,766 --> 00:38:35,700
So you really think about

936
00:38:35,700 --> 00:38:38,600
the people
who are looking out for you

937
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:41,466
and who have done
remarkable things like this.

938
00:38:41,466 --> 00:38:45,233
And so, again,
thank you to the Ames folks.

939
00:38:45,233 --> 00:38:47,366
You always hope
that you have as many landings

940
00:38:47,366 --> 00:38:48,466
as you do take-offs.

941
00:38:48,466 --> 00:38:50,200
And I was fortunate that I did.

942
00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:52,300
This is my last landing.

943
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:54,266
Instead of getting out
and kicking the tires,

944
00:38:54,266 --> 00:38:56,900
we had to move into a people
mover to get back to the lab,

945
00:38:56,900 --> 00:39:00,066
because we had normal testing
before we left,

946
00:39:00,066 --> 00:39:01,200
we were tested in flight,

947
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:02,600
and then they wanted to see

948
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:06,200
how we adapted
to getting back to Earth.

949
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:08,500
So it was wonderful.

950
00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:12,600
What great experiences I had,
and how fortunate I was

951
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:16,000
to be able to do
all these rather unusual things.

952
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,566
I wanted to capture
those things.

953
00:39:18,566 --> 00:39:20,133
I put them down in a book.

954
00:39:20,133 --> 00:39:21,633
It's not a great work
of literature,

955
00:39:21,633 --> 00:39:23,133
but it is a simple story

956
00:39:23,133 --> 00:39:27,000
of what it's like to go from
being a little girl in Tennessee

957
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:28,466
to getting to go to space--

958
00:39:28,466 --> 00:39:31,033
and having kids along the way,

959
00:39:31,033 --> 00:39:32,966
marrying a fellow astronaut,

960
00:39:32,966 --> 00:39:35,200
getting to be
an astronaut's spouse,

961
00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:36,866
and doing great things.

962
00:39:36,866 --> 00:39:40,733
The logo on the left
is the astronaut symbol,

963
00:39:40,733 --> 00:39:42,300
slightly modified,

964
00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,533
and it is my--
the logo for my book.

965
00:39:45,533 --> 00:39:47,466
So, again,
I appreciate your being here,

966
00:39:47,466 --> 00:39:48,966
and we'll do some questions
and answers,

967
00:39:48,966 --> 00:39:49,966
if we have time.

968
00:39:49,966 --> 00:39:50,966
- Yes.

969
00:39:50,966 --> 00:39:52,300
- All right.

970
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:54,700
[applause]

971
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:00,766
- Thank you, Rhea.

972
00:40:00,766 --> 00:40:02,533
If you have a question, please

973
00:40:02,533 --> 00:40:05,533
raise your hand, wait
for a microphone to come to you,

974
00:40:05,533 --> 00:40:06,866
and ask your question.

975
00:40:06,866 --> 00:40:08,666
And then return the microphone.

976
00:40:08,666 --> 00:40:10,500
Thank you.

977
00:40:14,666 --> 00:40:16,066
- Thank you, Dr. Seddon,

978
00:40:16,066 --> 00:40:17,800
on behalf of the astronauts

979
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,433
and women
and kids of all ages.

980
00:40:20,433 --> 00:40:22,800
You really are quite
the inspiration.

981
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:24,533
I didn't have a question,

982
00:40:24,533 --> 00:40:26,233
but I just wanted
to congratulate you

983
00:40:26,233 --> 00:40:27,300
on your induction

984
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:29,633
into the
Astronaut Hall of Fame 2015.

985
00:40:29,633 --> 00:40:30,733
- Thank you so much, Yvonne--

986
00:40:30,733 --> 00:40:32,066
appreciate that.

987
00:40:32,066 --> 00:40:34,933
[applause]

988
00:40:37,066 --> 00:40:38,333
- It was quite an honor.

989
00:40:38,333 --> 00:40:42,133
You know, I heard a talk
recently by an astronaut scholar

990
00:40:42,133 --> 00:40:45,466
who talked about the value
of recognition.

991
00:40:45,466 --> 00:40:47,800
You know, when you think
you're doing a pretty good job,

992
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:48,933
you're not really sure

993
00:40:48,933 --> 00:40:51,866
until somebody rewards you
in some way

994
00:40:51,866 --> 00:40:53,166
or mentions you in some way.

995
00:40:53,166 --> 00:40:55,466
So I always try to remember
that,

996
00:40:55,466 --> 00:40:57,700
to tell people how much
we appreciate the things

997
00:40:57,700 --> 00:40:59,733
that they've done for us.

998
00:40:59,733 --> 00:41:02,433
Other questions?

999
00:41:02,433 --> 00:41:04,700
- You talked a little bit
about some things

1000
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:08,000
that are more complicated
in space than they are on Earth.

1001
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:09,866
Is there any one thing

1002
00:41:09,866 --> 00:41:12,633
that scientists usually
fail to think about

1003
00:41:12,633 --> 00:41:14,433
when they're thinking
about space experiments,

1004
00:41:14,433 --> 00:41:17,633
or something that you thought
was interesting?

1005
00:41:17,633 --> 00:41:21,966
- Hmm.

1006
00:41:21,966 --> 00:41:23,700
I guess, you know,

1007
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:26,866
one of the easiest things
to do in space is to--

1008
00:41:26,866 --> 00:41:28,033
is to move around,

1009
00:41:28,033 --> 00:41:30,066
'cause you fly everywhere.

1010
00:41:30,066 --> 00:41:33,133
And so getting
from place to place

1011
00:41:33,133 --> 00:41:35,366
is relatively easy.

1012
00:41:35,366 --> 00:41:39,566
So it's easy to do that.

1013
00:41:39,566 --> 00:41:42,366
I guess one of the things
that the scientists often

1014
00:41:42,366 --> 00:41:44,766
forget on complicated missions
like this

1015
00:41:44,766 --> 00:41:46,733
is that you have--

1016
00:41:46,733 --> 00:41:48,366
you have four subjects.

1017
00:41:48,366 --> 00:41:49,933
You have lots of experiments.

1018
00:41:49,933 --> 00:41:51,100
And they have to share.

1019
00:41:51,100 --> 00:41:53,566
They have to coordinate
with other scientists.

1020
00:41:53,566 --> 00:41:55,566
And frequently, that's a bit
of a leap for them.

1021
00:41:55,566 --> 00:41:57,333
They're used
to doing their science.

1022
00:41:57,333 --> 00:41:58,466
And you have to--

1023
00:41:58,466 --> 00:42:00,666
you have to work
to put everything together.

1024
00:42:00,666 --> 00:42:03,333
Certain experiments
can't be done back-to-back.

1025
00:42:03,333 --> 00:42:06,633
And that integration
is sometimes difficult

1026
00:42:06,633 --> 00:42:10,200
and requires a lot of

1027
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:12,433
coordinating and compromising,

1028
00:42:12,433 --> 00:42:15,200
and so I think

1029
00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:17,066
that's one
of the things that make--

1030
00:42:17,066 --> 00:42:18,266
made it a little difficult.

1031
00:42:18,266 --> 00:42:20,300
As the Payload Commander
of my third flight,

1032
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:22,566
I got a chance
to help with doing that.

1033
00:42:22,566 --> 00:42:25,366
And I think we, you know,
we built a great team,

1034
00:42:25,366 --> 00:42:27,700
and we all wanted to help
each other out,

1035
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,000
and so, making that work

1036
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:31,700
was one of the more
complicated things.

1037
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:34,433
People are--scientists are used
to doing their science,

1038
00:42:34,433 --> 00:42:37,366
and their lab,
and having all the time.

1039
00:42:39,533 --> 00:42:41,766
- Hi, Dr. Seddon.
Thank you for your talk today.

1040
00:42:41,766 --> 00:42:44,633
A good number of us got to work
with Bob Phillips,

1041
00:42:44,633 --> 00:42:46,566
in the years after SLS-1.

1042
00:42:46,566 --> 00:42:49,066
And so he passed a couple
of years ago.

1043
00:42:49,066 --> 00:42:51,066
I'm wondering
if you have a good memory

1044
00:42:51,066 --> 00:42:52,433
that you might share with us,

1045
00:42:52,433 --> 00:42:54,533
of something that--since
he ultimately didn't get to fly,

1046
00:42:54,533 --> 00:42:57,800
but I know he served as CAPCOM
on the mission, but--

1047
00:42:57,800 --> 00:42:59,033
- Bob Phillips

1048
00:42:59,033 --> 00:43:02,066
was a veterinarian
who trained with us for SLS-1--

1049
00:43:02,066 --> 00:43:04,466
a wonderful, wonderful guy.

1050
00:43:04,466 --> 00:43:05,966
And we just loved him.

1051
00:43:05,966 --> 00:43:09,566
He developed a health problem
during our training

1052
00:43:09,566 --> 00:43:13,333
that made him
ineligible for flight.

1053
00:43:13,333 --> 00:43:17,466
And we wanted to remember him
in a way--

1054
00:43:17,466 --> 00:43:21,566
we couldn't put his name
on our--

1055
00:43:21,566 --> 00:43:23,133
our crew patch,

1056
00:43:23,133 --> 00:43:24,766
and that was unfortunate.

1057
00:43:24,766 --> 00:43:27,533
We felt--we felt
he should be remembered.

1058
00:43:27,533 --> 00:43:33,366
He represented us in--

1059
00:43:33,366 --> 00:43:36,033
in the Payload Operations
Control Center.

1060
00:43:36,033 --> 00:43:38,833
Do you see the P?

1061
00:43:38,833 --> 00:43:40,433
P for Phillips--

1062
00:43:40,433 --> 00:43:43,066
so we were happy
to be able to do that,

1063
00:43:43,066 --> 00:43:45,000
and I think it was special
for him.

1064
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:46,400
And, you know,

1065
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:49,366
he lived many, many years
with that health problem--

1066
00:43:49,366 --> 00:43:53,200
and probably wouldn't have
affected his being in flight.

1067
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:55,633
But we were sorry
he didn't get to go,

1068
00:43:55,633 --> 00:43:58,333
but he was so excited
about the mission itself.

1069
00:43:58,333 --> 00:44:02,733
So thank you for mentioning Bob.
Wonderful guy.

1070
00:44:02,733 --> 00:44:05,566
- You have been
such a trailblazer

1071
00:44:05,566 --> 00:44:08,166
and accomplished so much
in your life.

1072
00:44:08,166 --> 00:44:11,133
What is your next goal?

1073
00:44:11,133 --> 00:44:14,033
- I mentioned that I had married

1074
00:44:14,033 --> 00:44:15,633
a fellow astronaut--

1075
00:44:15,633 --> 00:44:18,566
Captain Hoot Gibson,
a pilot astronaut.

1076
00:44:18,566 --> 00:44:20,400
He commanded
four shuttle missions.

1077
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:22,933
He flew as the co-pilot
on his first one.

1078
00:44:22,933 --> 00:44:25,166
I would love
to write his book.

1079
00:44:25,166 --> 00:44:26,566
It is
a totally different book.

1080
00:44:26,566 --> 00:44:29,200
It's the pilot's side of things.

1081
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:34,200
But, just as I served as
his spouse during his missions,

1082
00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:37,900
he served as my spouse
during my missions,

1083
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:40,266
and has many funny stories
about it.

1084
00:44:40,266 --> 00:44:42,766
Bo can tell you
that he's quite a character.

1085
00:44:42,766 --> 00:44:46,900
One of his flights
was known as Swine Flight.

1086
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:48,600
They--if you read the book,

1087
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:50,366
they all snorted
at pretty girls.

1088
00:44:50,366 --> 00:44:52,933
Of course,
that wasn't politically correct,

1089
00:44:52,933 --> 00:44:54,366
but they did it anyway,

1090
00:44:54,366 --> 00:44:57,500
and so they were known
in the office as Swine Flight.

1091
00:44:57,500 --> 00:44:59,400
But they--he made it fun.

1092
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:00,733
And, as I mentioned,

1093
00:45:00,733 --> 00:45:03,866
if you can have a crew
get together and have fun

1094
00:45:03,866 --> 00:45:06,433
in the midst of all this stress,
it's wonderful.

1095
00:45:06,433 --> 00:45:08,933
So I think that's my next one.

1096
00:45:08,933 --> 00:45:10,733
I'm hoping that
he'll let me do it.

1097
00:45:10,733 --> 00:45:15,033
I learned a lot
by doing this first one.

1098
00:45:15,033 --> 00:45:16,166
We have a question
down here?

1099
00:45:16,166 --> 00:45:19,300
Have you got one
back there?

1100
00:45:19,300 --> 00:45:22,033
- Hi, thank you very much
for the talk.

1101
00:45:22,033 --> 00:45:26,033
In the cramped conditions
of the middeck and the Spacelab,

1102
00:45:26,033 --> 00:45:28,866
how did you avoid--or what were
the countermeasures in place--

1103
00:45:28,866 --> 00:45:30,966
to not, like, bump into a switch

1104
00:45:30,966 --> 00:45:33,666
or snag on a wire
or something like that?

1105
00:45:33,666 --> 00:45:35,233
And did you ever
mess up an experiment

1106
00:45:35,233 --> 00:45:37,233
because of something like that?

1107
00:45:37,233 --> 00:45:39,333
- I'd like to think we didn't.

1108
00:45:39,333 --> 00:45:42,300
And probably--
probably someone has.

1109
00:45:42,300 --> 00:45:44,900
The important switches
are guarded.

1110
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:48,466
There are little things
around each switch.

1111
00:45:48,466 --> 00:45:51,500
And the ones that are critical--
the ones up on the flight deck

1112
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:54,100
above the captain,
the commander,

1113
00:45:54,100 --> 00:45:55,100
and the pilot's seat--

1114
00:45:55,100 --> 00:45:57,133
all have guards
down over them.

1115
00:45:57,133 --> 00:45:58,466
So, in order to
activate them,

1116
00:45:58,466 --> 00:46:02,966
you have to lift the guard
to move the switch.

1117
00:46:02,966 --> 00:46:05,800
Occasionally, things
got kicked or bumped.

1118
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:07,766
Everything was made very sturdy.

1119
00:46:07,766 --> 00:46:10,833
The plugs that we plugged in

1120
00:46:10,833 --> 00:46:13,633
were super heavy-duty,

1121
00:46:13,633 --> 00:46:16,433
and had to be screwed
and locked in.

1122
00:46:16,433 --> 00:46:19,433
But it was one of those things
that you had to worry about.

1123
00:46:19,433 --> 00:46:20,800
You couldn't just
go flying around.

1124
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:23,700
And you learned
how to move smoothly and gently,

1125
00:46:23,700 --> 00:46:25,400
and watch things.

1126
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:26,966
I think there was probably--

1127
00:46:26,966 --> 00:46:30,533
we went back in the lab
to play around one day

1128
00:46:30,533 --> 00:46:32,233
and took some pictures,

1129
00:46:32,233 --> 00:46:34,566
you know,
of off-hours with astronauts,

1130
00:46:34,566 --> 00:46:35,933
and were goofing around.

1131
00:46:35,933 --> 00:46:37,800
And when we were done,

1132
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:40,200
there was an experiment
that had been turned off.

1133
00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:43,500
And we probably kicked something
in that area.

1134
00:46:43,500 --> 00:46:44,800
We'll never know.

1135
00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:48,133
But I can't think
of any major catastrophes--

1136
00:46:48,133 --> 00:46:49,933
things that
were broken or not.

1137
00:46:49,933 --> 00:46:52,533
Everything had to be
super strong to deal--you know,

1138
00:46:52,533 --> 00:46:55,066
to keep the safety people happy.

1139
00:46:55,066 --> 00:46:56,366
Not a lot of glass to break,

1140
00:46:56,366 --> 00:46:58,666
or things
that were too delicate.

1141
00:46:58,666 --> 00:46:59,833
So we had to--

1142
00:46:59,833 --> 00:47:01,866
we had to worry about it.

1143
00:47:01,866 --> 00:47:03,333
One down here.

1144
00:47:03,333 --> 00:47:04,566
- Did you--you did a lot

1145
00:47:04,566 --> 00:47:06,066
of experiments related
to weightlessness.

1146
00:47:06,066 --> 00:47:10,133
Did you do any experiments
related to space radiation?

1147
00:47:10,133 --> 00:47:11,233
- Space radiation--

1148
00:47:11,233 --> 00:47:12,366
it's kind of one of those things

1149
00:47:12,366 --> 00:47:14,166
that we worry about for going

1150
00:47:14,166 --> 00:47:16,533
into interplanetary space,
to Mars.

1151
00:47:16,533 --> 00:47:19,733
And I don't think
we have all the answers to that.

1152
00:47:19,733 --> 00:47:22,266
We did wear radiation monitors.

1153
00:47:22,266 --> 00:47:25,366
And so, you know,

1154
00:47:25,366 --> 00:47:28,333
we made sure that at least,
when we got back,

1155
00:47:28,333 --> 00:47:31,200
they could tell us that we
hadn't had a lot of radiation.

1156
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:33,533
It was interesting--
on SLS-1,

1157
00:47:33,533 --> 00:47:36,300
we got back and we were
saying hello to everybody--

1158
00:47:36,300 --> 00:47:37,466
somebody said,

1159
00:47:37,466 --> 00:47:41,433
"Could you feel that--
that sunburst?"

1160
00:47:41,433 --> 00:47:44,166
That--those sun things--

1161
00:47:44,166 --> 00:47:45,366
whatever it was that was--

1162
00:47:45,366 --> 00:47:48,400
you know, they'd had a--
had a solar flare.

1163
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:50,533
"Could you feel
the solar flare? "

1164
00:47:50,533 --> 00:47:51,600
And we were going,

1165
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:53,666
"What solar flare?"

1166
00:47:53,666 --> 00:47:55,000
And I guess the folks
in Mission Control

1167
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:57,333
decided that it
wasn't gonna be a problem.

1168
00:47:57,333 --> 00:47:59,066
They didn't even
tell us about it, but--

1169
00:47:59,066 --> 00:48:00,433
and I don't think the radiation

1170
00:48:00,433 --> 00:48:03,100
that we had
was that much higher.

1171
00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:04,400
I know that they--

1172
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:07,233
that we go back to NASA
every year for physical exams,

1173
00:48:07,233 --> 00:48:09,733
and they watch astronauts

1174
00:48:09,733 --> 00:48:12,766
to see if there are any untoward
effects that they can--

1175
00:48:12,766 --> 00:48:15,133
they can say
were caused by radiation.

1176
00:48:15,133 --> 00:48:18,000
But no, I didn't do any
of the radiation experiments.

1177
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:21,566
I liked life sciences instead.

1178
00:48:21,566 --> 00:48:22,566
How we doing?

1179
00:48:22,566 --> 00:48:23,700
- Good.

1180
00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:25,766
- Hi, thank you
for the talk today.

1181
00:48:25,766 --> 00:48:27,500
My question is,

1182
00:48:27,500 --> 00:48:31,033
what was going through your mind
on your very first mission,

1183
00:48:31,033 --> 00:48:33,133
right after the solid rocket
boosters ignited

1184
00:48:33,133 --> 00:48:34,500
and liftoff occurred,

1185
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:37,833
and you realized
that you were going to space?

1186
00:48:37,833 --> 00:48:40,633
- My first thought was,
"We blew up."

1187
00:48:40,633 --> 00:48:42,500
[laughter]

1188
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:43,566
- You're sitting
on the launch pad,

1189
00:48:43,566 --> 00:48:45,233
and you're looking at the sky.

1190
00:48:45,233 --> 00:48:47,533
And, of course,
you're very worried about

1191
00:48:47,533 --> 00:48:49,133
whether you're really
gonna get to go or not.

1192
00:48:49,133 --> 00:48:51,766
And Bo can tell you that,
until the very last

1193
00:48:51,766 --> 00:48:54,500
of our launch window
they said,

1194
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:56,433
"Hey, hey, Commander, you know,

1195
00:48:56,433 --> 00:48:58,766
what's the best way to get
this thing off the ground?"

1196
00:48:58,766 --> 00:49:01,766
And Bo said, "I think
you could pick up the count."

1197
00:49:01,766 --> 00:49:02,833
And he said,

1198
00:49:02,833 --> 00:49:04,933
"Okay, in 30 seconds.

1199
00:49:04,933 --> 00:49:06,866
T-minus nine minutes
and counting."

1200
00:49:06,866 --> 00:49:09,066
So it was, you know,

1201
00:49:09,066 --> 00:49:11,233
it was just kind of like,
"Oh, we really are going today."

1202
00:49:11,233 --> 00:49:12,833
We had decided we weren't going.

1203
00:49:12,833 --> 00:49:14,066
And you're sitting there,

1204
00:49:14,066 --> 00:49:17,100
and you--and the--
when the main engines start,

1205
00:49:17,100 --> 00:49:20,600
the tip of the top
of the shuttle rocks back.

1206
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:22,233
And so you can see
the launch tower,

1207
00:49:22,233 --> 00:49:24,000
and you can see
that you're rocking back,

1208
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:25,900
and you know,
when you come to upright,

1209
00:49:25,900 --> 00:49:27,866
the boosters are gonna ignite.

1210
00:49:27,866 --> 00:49:29,833
And there's no way

1211
00:49:29,833 --> 00:49:32,500
for anybody to tell you
what that's gonna be like.

1212
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:35,100
There's no simulator
that simulates that.

1213
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,633
It really, really
feels like an explosion.

1214
00:49:38,633 --> 00:49:41,200
And I was looking at my hands
in my lap,

1215
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:44,766
and thought, "I'm gonna
watch my body disintegrate."

1216
00:49:44,766 --> 00:49:46,266
And luckily, I was
on the flight deck,

1217
00:49:46,266 --> 00:49:48,300
and I could look
at the computer screens

1218
00:49:48,300 --> 00:49:52,000
and see that we were still going
in the right direction.

1219
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:55,433
But the ride on the boosters
is just incredible--

1220
00:49:55,433 --> 00:49:59,166
lots of noise, vibration,
acceleration.

1221
00:49:59,166 --> 00:50:01,300
And that first launch,

1222
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:04,066
I think you're--there's nothing
that can prepare you for that,

1223
00:50:04,066 --> 00:50:05,533
other than somebody telling you

1224
00:50:05,533 --> 00:50:08,033
it's gonna be something
like you've never felt before.

1225
00:50:08,033 --> 00:50:09,566
My husband describes it

1226
00:50:09,566 --> 00:50:12,400
like it's a catapult
off a carrier--

1227
00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:14,433
you know, just an--
all of a sudden jerk--

1228
00:50:14,433 --> 00:50:16,566
but yeah, you have to--

1229
00:50:16,566 --> 00:50:18,466
you have to be willing
to take that risk

1230
00:50:18,466 --> 00:50:22,500
and be ready to go.

1231
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:24,733
In the back.
- Hi.

1232
00:50:24,733 --> 00:50:27,266
So my question is,
when you were--

1233
00:50:27,266 --> 00:50:29,233
you were talking about,
when you were a young girl,

1234
00:50:29,233 --> 00:50:32,466
you had a lot of people
believe in you

1235
00:50:32,466 --> 00:50:37,433
and propelling you forward--
mentors and things like that.

1236
00:50:37,433 --> 00:50:39,800
So I'm wondering, you know,
what was it that

1237
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:41,800
made them believe in you
and want to do that?

1238
00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:43,266
And, like, what young--or,

1239
00:50:43,266 --> 00:50:46,300
what advice would you have for
young women who are,

1240
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:48,633
you know,
have these sorts of dreams

1241
00:50:48,633 --> 00:50:52,333
and want to be pioneers today?

1242
00:50:52,333 --> 00:50:53,766
- Well, you know, back then,

1243
00:50:53,766 --> 00:50:55,800
there were just certain things
that women were supposed to do,

1244
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:57,866
certainly in the South.

1245
00:50:57,866 --> 00:51:01,100
But luckily, my parents
had some friends,

1246
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:03,333
a couple of women doctors.

1247
00:51:03,333 --> 00:51:05,700
And they told me, you know,

1248
00:51:05,700 --> 00:51:07,300
"You can do it
if you want to do it."

1249
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:09,600
I had a father
who was very supportive.

1250
00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:11,966
You know,
"Of course you can do that."

1251
00:51:11,966 --> 00:51:13,000
There were a lot of dads
that said,

1252
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:14,333
"Ladies don't do that"

1253
00:51:14,333 --> 00:51:15,666
or "Girls don't do that."

1254
00:51:15,666 --> 00:51:20,266
And so I had a lot
of support at home.

1255
00:51:20,266 --> 00:51:22,800
But there were just things
that I wanted to do,

1256
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:24,966
and I was gonna try to do them.

1257
00:51:24,966 --> 00:51:26,533
I always had a back-up plan.

1258
00:51:26,533 --> 00:51:30,833
If I--if that wasn't gonna work,
I'd try something different.

1259
00:51:30,833 --> 00:51:33,033
But as I went along, luckily,

1260
00:51:33,033 --> 00:51:36,833
I met enough people
who told me I could do it--

1261
00:51:36,833 --> 00:51:40,000
a few people who,
in subtle ways,

1262
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:43,133
told me I couldn't do it.

1263
00:51:43,133 --> 00:51:45,733
But, when you want
to do something passionately,

1264
00:51:45,733 --> 00:51:49,366
and you want--
you want to try to do it,

1265
00:51:49,366 --> 00:51:50,966
it doesn't hurt to try.

1266
00:51:50,966 --> 00:51:53,900
And that's
what I tell young women.

1267
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:55,866
Follow your dreams.

1268
00:51:55,866 --> 00:51:57,933
Reach for things
that have never done before.

1269
00:51:57,933 --> 00:52:00,066
Don't be afraid to go first.

1270
00:52:00,066 --> 00:52:03,033
'Cause if you really want to do
it, you'll figure out a way.

1271
00:52:03,033 --> 00:52:06,133
Or you'll figure out a way
to do something similar.

1272
00:52:06,133 --> 00:52:10,300
So, you know, I encourage women
who have achieved

1273
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:14,166
to please tell young women
that they can do this,

1274
00:52:14,166 --> 00:52:15,400
that they can do that,

1275
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:16,800
that they can do what you do.

1276
00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:18,633
They can do
what you wanted to do

1277
00:52:18,633 --> 00:52:21,100
but couldn't at the time.
I was fortunate.

1278
00:52:21,100 --> 00:52:24,066
I was in the right place
at the right time,

1279
00:52:24,066 --> 00:52:28,366
and so I think
I was lucky in many ways.

1280
00:52:28,366 --> 00:52:32,566
The good Lord looked out for me,
I guess.

1281
00:52:32,566 --> 00:52:34,300
Other questions?

1282
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:37,300
- Thank you for sharing
your experiences with us.

1283
00:52:37,300 --> 00:52:40,800
I think a lot
of the vital--

1284
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:42,300
vital information

1285
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:45,933
on the effects
of weightlessness on humans

1286
00:52:45,933 --> 00:52:48,633
has been researched
for many years--

1287
00:52:48,633 --> 00:52:51,000
you know, every single--
every single mission.

1288
00:52:51,000 --> 00:52:54,133
And I think that a lot of the--
a lot of the new things--

1289
00:52:54,133 --> 00:52:55,400
while those, you know,

1290
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:57,600
macro-scale experiments
are still occurring,

1291
00:52:57,600 --> 00:52:59,000
and should still occur,

1292
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:02,100
a lot of the current experiments
are more molecular.

1293
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:05,433
Where do you see physiological
experiments going in the future?

1294
00:53:05,433 --> 00:53:08,500
Where do you want to want
to see us head

1295
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:11,566
in biological research?

1296
00:53:12,933 --> 00:53:15,400
- You know, I think
that there are so many things

1297
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:16,633
that we could study.

1298
00:53:16,633 --> 00:53:19,566
Molecular biology
is certainly one of them.

1299
00:53:19,566 --> 00:53:24,733
I think it's gonna take NASA
developing the equipment

1300
00:53:24,733 --> 00:53:28,066
to allow us to do that
and putting crews big enough,

1301
00:53:28,066 --> 00:53:31,333
with enough training,
up there to be able to do that.

1302
00:53:31,333 --> 00:53:34,833
Those of us who worked
with the animals on SLS-1 and 2

1303
00:53:34,833 --> 00:53:36,000
were very disappointed

1304
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:39,666
when the animal holding cages
and workstations

1305
00:53:39,666 --> 00:53:42,200
were defunded for station.

1306
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:43,966
They're doing
a little bit of it,

1307
00:53:43,966 --> 00:53:46,466
but not with the really
sophisticated equipment

1308
00:53:46,466 --> 00:53:48,900
that we were able
to use on Spacelab.

1309
00:53:48,900 --> 00:53:51,333
So I think there are many,
many things

1310
00:53:51,333 --> 00:53:54,300
that could be proposed and done.

1311
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:57,366
I think that there are animals
that would be good models.

1312
00:53:57,366 --> 00:53:58,866
We can use centrifuges.

1313
00:53:58,866 --> 00:54:00,333
We can, you know,

1314
00:54:00,333 --> 00:54:02,166
put more sophisticated equipment

1315
00:54:02,166 --> 00:54:04,700
for molecular biology up there--

1316
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:07,000
many, many things
that we can do.

1317
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:11,366
It just depends on the funding
and the will to do it.

1318
00:54:11,366 --> 00:54:13,966
I will mention that--

1319
00:54:13,966 --> 00:54:17,233
something that you said
made me think about it.

1320
00:54:17,233 --> 00:54:19,966
A lot of the science

1321
00:54:19,966 --> 00:54:21,400
that have been done on humans

1322
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:23,066
have been done on men.

1323
00:54:23,066 --> 00:54:25,833
And on these two flights,
we had men and women.

1324
00:54:25,833 --> 00:54:27,266
And we compared the data,

1325
00:54:27,266 --> 00:54:29,800
and men and women adapt
to weightlessness just the same,

1326
00:54:29,800 --> 00:54:31,700
so we've answered that question.

1327
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:33,400
I'm sure there will be
subtle differences

1328
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:34,866
that someone
will be able to find out,

1329
00:54:34,866 --> 00:54:39,166
but the major things
were the same.

1330
00:54:39,166 --> 00:54:42,866
Rats are good models
for some systems and not others.

1331
00:54:42,866 --> 00:54:45,600
Certainly cells
would be wonderful--

1332
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:47,466
to be able to take up cells

1333
00:54:47,466 --> 00:54:51,566
and--and do studies on them
without having to fly rats.

1334
00:54:51,566 --> 00:54:54,666
But it's a brave new world
out there,

1335
00:54:54,666 --> 00:54:57,300
but we have the ideas.

1336
00:54:57,300 --> 00:54:59,233
I think we have the technology.

1337
00:54:59,233 --> 00:55:03,200
We just have to have the funding
to make it happen.

1338
00:55:05,733 --> 00:55:10,533
- As the commander
on Rhea's first flight,

1339
00:55:10,533 --> 00:55:12,333
I had some concern that we had

1340
00:55:12,333 --> 00:55:15,366
one woman and six guys on board.

1341
00:55:15,366 --> 00:55:18,500
Well, with a strong,
professional woman like Rhea,

1342
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:22,300
those were about the right odds.

1343
00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:23,366
- Thank you, Bo.

1344
00:55:23,366 --> 00:55:25,133
[applause]

1345
00:55:29,233 --> 00:55:31,366
- Luckily, my first commander
was a supporter

1346
00:55:31,366 --> 00:55:33,766
and was always encouraging,

1347
00:55:33,766 --> 00:55:37,600
and there were no major
problems, were there?

1348
00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:39,400
We had a good time too.

1349
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:41,800
Always great to have
a good commander.

1350
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:44,266
- So please join me
in thanking

1351
00:55:44,266 --> 00:55:48,500
astronaut Dr. Rhea Seddon
for an excellent talk.

1352
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:49,866
Thank you very much.

1353
00:55:49,866 --> 00:55:51,200
- Thank you so much.

1354
00:55:51,200 --> 00:55:52,533
- Thank you.
Thank you.

1355
00:55:52,533 --> 00:55:56,433
[applause]